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A year ago today, Apple released a software update to halt the spread of the Flashback worm, a malware strain that infected more than 650,000 Mac OS X systems using a vulnerability in Apple's version of Java. This somewhat dismal anniversary is probably as good a time as any to publish some clues I've gathered over the past year that point to the real-life identity of the Flashback worm's creator.

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Before I delve into the gritty details, a little background on this insidious contagion is in order. A keenly detailed research paper (PDF) published last year by Finnish security firm F-Secure puts the impact and threat from Flashback in perspective, noting that the malware boasted a series of 'firsts' for its kind. For starters, Flashback was the first OS X malware to be 'VMware aware' — or to know when it was being run in a virtual environment (a trick designed to frustrate security researchers). It also was the first to disable XProtect, OS X's built-in malware protection program. These features, combined with its ability to spread through a then-unpatched vulnerability in Java made Flashback roughly as common for Macs as the Conficker Worm was for Windows PCs.

'This means Flashback is not only the most advanced, but also the most successful OS X malware we've ever seen,' wrote F-Secure's Broderick Ian Aquilino.

The F-Secure writeup answers an important question not found in other analyses: Namely, what was the apparent intended purpose of Flashback? Put simply: to redirect Google results to third-party advertisers, all for the author's profit. It's name was derived from the fact that it spread using a social engineering trick of presenting the OS X user with a bogus Flash Player installation prompt. F-Secure notes that this same behavior — both the Flash social engineering trick and the redirection to fake Google sites that served search results for third-party advertisers that benefited the author — was also found in the QHost malware, suggesting that Flashback may have been the next evolution of the Mac QHost malware.

BLACK SEO

A year ago, I published a series that sought to identify the real-lifehackersbehindthetopspambotnets. Using much the same methodology, I was able to identify and locate a young man in Russia who appears (and privately claims) to be the author of Flashback. As it happens, this individual hangs out on many of the same forums as the world's top spammers (but more on that at another time).

Given Flashback's focus on gaming Google's ad networks, I suspected that the worm's author probably was a key member of forums that focus on so-called 'black hat SEO,' (search engine optimization), or learned in illicit ways to game search engines and manipulate ad revenues. Sure enough, this individual happens to be a very active and founding member of BlackSEO.com, a closely guarded Russian language forum dedicated to this topic.

Below is a screen shot taken from a private message between a 'VIP' user named 'Mavook' and a top forum member on BlackSEO.com. The conversation took place on July 14, 2012. A rough translation of their conversation is superimposed on the redacted screen grab, but basically it shows Mavook asking the senior member for help in gaining access to Darkode.com, a fairly exclusive English-language cybercrime forum (and one that I profiled in a story earlier this week).

BlackSEO.com member 'Mavook' claims responsibility for creating Flashback to a senior forum member.

Mavook asks the other member to get him an invitation to Darkode, and Mavook is instructed to come up with a brief bio stating his accomplishments, and to select a nickname to use on the forum if he's invited. Mavook replies that the Darkode nick should be not be easily tied back to his BlackSEO persona, and suggests the nickname 'Macbook.' He also states that he is the 'Creator of Flashback botnet for Macs,' and that he specializes in 'finding exploits and creating bots.'

The senior member that Mavook petitions is quite well known in the Russian cybercrime underground, and these two individuals also are well known to one another. In fact, in a separate exchange on the main BlackSEO forum between the senior member and a BlackSEO user named JPS, the senior member recommends Mavook as a guy who knows his stuff and can be counted on to produce reliable attack tools.

Slot car mac os. In the conversation screen-shotted here to the left, JPS can be seen asking the senior forum member for recommendations about reliable individuals who sell unique exploit packs, software toolkits built to be stitched into hacked Web sites and exploit common Web browser vulnerabilities. JPS says he's looking for a pro who can deliver decent exploitation rates.

'I have no time (and no desire) to roam chats and argue there with cool hackers,' JPS said. 'I need to check traffic in terms of exploitability, and in the future, if everything is alright, I can work on a continuous basis' with the hired expert.

The senior member tells JPS to ask Mavook. 'If Mavook won't budge, saying that he is no longer doing this stuff, write to me again.'

WHO IS MAVOOK?

If we take a closer look at Mavook's profile page on BlackSEO.com, we can see that he is a longtime member, dating back to 2005, when he was the 24th member registered on BlackSEO (out of thousands). Mavook's profile also shows that his personal home page was at one time mavook.com. The WHOIS registration records for mavook.com have long been hidden by commercial WHOIS privacy protection services, but I found the original WHOIS record for this domain using the indispensable historic WHOIS service maintained by domaintools.com. Those records show that the domain was originally registered in 2005 by a Maxim Selikhanovich in Saransk, the capital city in Mordovia, a republic in the eastern region of the East European Plain of Russia.

The email address used to register mavook.com was 'h0mini@mail.ru' (the second character in the address is a zero). A search for that email address in Skype's user database brings up a user with the screen name 'Maximsd'. Mavook also used the email address 'mavook@gmail.com.' That address is tied a Maxim Selikhanovich in Saransk via the registration records for the now defunct Website saransk-offline.com, which at one point sold popular MP3 files for pennies apiece.

One of the emails used by Maxim for that Website and a related site was 'troxel@yandex.ru,' which was the same email used to register a now-deleted Facebook account under a Maxim Selikhanovich from Saransk. Yet another abandoned music sales site — mavook-mp3.com — was registered to a 'Mavook aka Troxel' and to the h0mini@mail.ru' address used for mavook.com.

MACS, MAX and MAKS

The final clue offers perhaps the most tantalizing details: The h0mini@mail.ru address is the contact point of record for a business in Saransk called mak-rm.com, the domain name registered to a IT-outsourcing and Web design firm in Saransk called the Mordovia Outsourcing Company (the 'mak' part of the name comes from the Russian version of the company name, which is 'МОРДОВСКАЯ АУТСОРСИНГОВАЯ КОМПАНИЯ'). That domain is registered to a 'Max D. Sell' in Saransk (see a cached image from mak-rm.com's homepage in 2010 at the Internet Archive).

According to a trusted source who has the ability to look up tax information on citizens and corporations in Russia, the Mordovia Outsourcing Company was registered and founded by one Maxim Dmitrievich Selihanovich, a 30-year-old from Saransk, Mordovia.

SimEarth Dark cave mac os. is a life simulationvideo game, the second designed by Will Wright, in which the player controls the development of a planet. English scientist James Lovelock served as an advisor and his Gaia hypothesis of planet evolution was incorporated into the game. SimEarth was published in 1990 by Maxis. Versions were made for the Apple Macintosh, Commodore Amiga, IBM PC, SNES, Sega Mega-CD and TurboGrafx-16. It was also subsequently re-released on the Wii Virtual Console.^[2] In 1996, several of Maxis' simulation games were re-released under the Maxis Collector Series with greater compatibility with Windows 95 and differing box art, including the addition of Classics beneath the title. SimEarth was re-released in 1997 under the Classics label.^[3]

Overview[edit]

In SimEarth, the player can vary a planet's atmosphere, temperature, landmasses, etc., then place various forms of life on the planet and watch them evolve. In the 'Random Planet' game setting, the game is a software toy, without any required goals. The big (and difficult) challenge is to evolve sentient life and an advanced civilization. The development stages of the planet can be restored and repeated, until the planet 'dies' ten billion years after its creation, the estimated time when the Sun will become a red giant and kill off all of the planet's life.

Muchomurky mac os. There are also eight scenarios that do have goals, the first three (Aquarium, Cambrian Earth, and Modern-day Earth) involving managing the evolution and development of Earth in different stages, the next four (Mars, Venus, Ice Planet, and Dune) involving terraforming other planets to support life, and the final scenario (Earth 2XXX) involving rescuing life and civilization on a future Earth from self-replicating robots and nuclear warfare and giving the player the option of causing a great flood to help achieve this goal. In addition, there is another game mode besides Random Planet and Scenario mode, called Daisy World, where the only biome on the planet is daisies, which change their color relative to the temperature.

The game models the Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock (who assisted with the design and wrote an introduction to the manual), and one of the options available to the player is the simplified 'Daisyworld' model.^[4]

The player's control of the planet in the game is quite comprehensive; display panels allow the player to regulate everything from atmospheric gases, with percentages to three decimal places, to the rate of continental drift, to the rate of reproduction and mutation of lifeforms. In addition, the player is given options to place equipment or items that interfere with the planet's development, such as Oxygen Generators, which increase the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, and the monolith, a take on the one found in 2001: A Space Odyssey, which aids in increasing intelligence of a lifeform through extraterrestrial contact.

The list of disasters ranges from natural occurrences, such as hurricanes and wild fires, to population-dependent disasters, such as plagues and pollution. Effects on the planet may be minor or major depending on the current conditions. Increased volcanic eruptions, for example, increase the amount of dust in the atmosphere, lowering global temperature; earthquakes in a body of water may produce tsunamis; and the shortage of nuclear fuel for a nuclear power-dependent civilization may potentially trigger nuclear war and nuclear winter.

Global warming can cause the planet's ice caps to melt and sea levels to rise, but if a planet gets very hot, the oceans boil away until there are no oceans left, only land. A planet without any water can have oceans brought back if hit by an 'ice meteor' (a.k.a. a comet). Many things have to be kept within a certain balanced range for a planet to be able to support multicellular animal life; outside this range, only single-celled lifeforms, plants, robots, and lifeforms that have been civilized can survive. This excludes most lifeforms in this game since most are multicellular animals that are not civilized.

All player-triggered actions have a cost specified in 'energy units' or 'omega (Ω) units'; for example, 50 energy units are required to lay down a single terrain square, while 500 units are required to lay down a terraforming device. The energy budget is determined by the level of development of the planet, and the chosen difficulty level; on the lowest difficulty level, the energy budget is unlimited.

Gameplay itself can be somewhat mystifying; species may thrive or die out for no apparent reason. Mass extinctions, however, are often followed by periods of renewed evolutionary diversification, allowing the player to experiment with new sets of species and ecosystems.

Taxa[edit]

A feature of the game is that all taxa of multicellular animals are on an equal footing, and thus it is possible to evolve, for example, sapient molluscs.^[5] The two single-celled lifeform taxa, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (or Bacteria and Amoebas, in-game respectively) are treated specially. Some examples of animal taxa include Radiates and Cetaceans as well as more well known taxa such as fish and birds. As an 'Easter egg', there is also machine life, which can appear if a city of the highest technology level (Nanotech Age) is destroyed by a nuclear explosion. Machine life can thrive in any biome or environmental conditions, generally out-competing any other lifeforms present, and can itself eventually evolve intelligence and build cities. Additionally, there are Carniferns, which are mutated, carnivorous plants, which can occur only naturally. Having an abundance of insects allows for these life-forms to develop. Carniferns are able to develop intelligence just as animals can. In addition to the familiar types, the long-extinct 'trichordates' are included. The game states that 'We [the game's developers] felt sorry for them, and are giving them a chance for survival in SimEarth.' Dinosaurs are another included taxa.

Civilization[edit]

Once an organism on the SimEarth planet becomes sentient and develops civilization, it will gradually go through different stages of development with each successive stage being more technologically advanced than the last.

• Stone Age, This stage is characterized by the use of stone tools and paleolithic lifestyles.
• Bronze Age, This stage is characterized by the use of bronze tools, the invention of farming, the development of writing, and urbanization.
• Iron Age, This stage is characterized by the use of Iron tools and is slightly more advanced than the Bronze Age.
• Industrial Age, This stage is characterized by rapid industrialization and improving living standards. This stage is where resources are being rapidly consumed. Once this stage is achieved, energy requirements are high and global warming starts to threaten your planet's habitability.
• Atomic Age, This stage is characterized by the use of nuclear energy.
• Information Age, This stage is associated with the mass use of telecommunication technologies and computers.
• Nanotech Age, This is the most challenging stage to reach due to depleting resources and the growing threat of global warming. It is associated with the use of nanotechnology and interplanetary space travel.

Toilet Paper Dating Simulator Mac Os Catalina

Development[edit]

The DOS version of SimEarth was released in December 1990, and the game was scheduled to release in Spring 1991 for the Amiga and Atari ST.^[6] Will Wright was introduced to James Lovelock by Stewart Brand, a former editor of CoEvolution Quarterly who lived near Wright, upon hearing about SimEarth.^[6] Lovelock advised the development team behind SimEarth, and particularly assisted with geophysical models.^[6] Lovelock stated in regards to the Gaia model that 'Attempts to model the Earth through simple sciences such as biology or biochemistry fail because the models are oversensitive to initial conditions and prone to chaotic disturbance.'^[6] Gaia models link biology and geology however, which Lovelock claimed are 'for some reason stable and able to resist perturbations.'^[6] Lovelock expressed that SimEarth's simulation has 'a degree of realism' despite it being 'little more than a game', and he expressed that he hadn't seen or been involved in any computer simulations of nature on the scale of SimEarth at the time, noting that many professional climate models at the time didn't take clouds, the ocean, or biology into account.^[6]

Reception[edit]

Computer Gaming World called SimEarth 'absolutely fascinating'. The reviewer wished that the game had more SimCity-like visual feedback, but stated that it was superior to the predecessor because of larger scope and greater replayability.^[7] It won the 1991 Software Publishers Association Excellence in Software Awards for Best Secondary Education Program and Best Simulation Program.^[8]

Entertainment Weekly gave the game an A- and wrote that 'While it's never too early to teach kids to respect the biosphere, the same may not be true of introducing them to complicated simulations such as Simearth: The Living Planet (FCI, for Super NES), which has more variables (temperature, precipitation, etc.) than a polynomial equation. There's something to be said for this, though: A task as simple as 'growing a daisy'—one option offered here—requires knowing far more than which button to push to cream the bad guy.'^[9]

The One gave the DOS version of SimEarth an overall score of 95%, and expressed that the game is fun 'regardless of whether you know what you're doing or not', and said that experimenting with the simulation is 'hours of fun'. The One praised SimEarth's substantial gameplay, expressing that the game has 'near-infinite variations with which to experiment.' The One noted the game as having 'tremendous educational possibilities', but simultaneously being fun and engaging.^[6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes

1. ^Ported to FM Towns, PC-98 and X68000 by Imagineer. Ported to SNES by Tomcat System. Ported to Mega-CD by Game Arts.

Footnotes

1. ^'FM Towns ROM Archive'. SimEarth FM Towns ROM.
2. ^'Cut Straight to the Fun with Paper, Planets, Puzzles, Mind Games and Mini Golf'. Nintendo of America. 2009-06-22. Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
3. ^'SimEarth 1997 USA Re-Release ISO Archive'.
4. ^Seabrook, John (6 November 2006). 'Game Master'. The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
5. ^{SimEarth User Manual, p. 143}
6. ^ ^abcdefghScotford, Laurence (December 1990). 'Gods Wanted: Apply Within!'. The One. No. 27. emap Images. pp. 153–156.
7. ^Wilson, Johnny L. 'The Ten-Billion-Year Afternoon'. Computer Gaming World. p. 11. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
8. ^'Celebrating Software'. Computer Gaming World. June 1991. p. 64. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
9. ^Strauss, Bob (April 2, 1993). 'SimEarth: The Living Planet'. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc.

External links[edit]

Mac Os Simulator

• SimEarth at MobyGames
• The MS-DOS version ofSimEarth can be played for free in the browser at the Internet Archive

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